Utilidad del Renograma Diurético tras la Pieloplastia en la Población Pediátrica. ¿Es Necesario de Rutina? / Usefulness of the Diuretic Renogram after Pyeloplasty in the Pediatric Population. Is It Necessary for Routine?

Purpose: The diuretic renal scan (MAG3) continues being the gold standard to test the improvement of the urinary drainage after pyeloplasty. Recent researches suggest that there are certain parameters of ultrasound (US) that may indicate an adequate urinary drainage during the follow-up. Our aim is to prove if the measurement of the anteroposterior diameter (APD) of renal pelvis by USS after the pyeloplasty may be a valid screening method to select those patients who also require a MAG3. Methods: We retrospectively study the patients who underwent pyeloplasty between 2010 and 2019. The sample was divided in two groups depending of the increase or non-increase in the pelvic APD on postoperative US. The results of the MAG3 and the US of both groups were compared in relation to the presence or absence of obstruction and the need for repyeloplasty. Results: We included a total of 124 pyeloplasty, with a median age of 6 months (IQR 4–36); 12 patients showed an increase in pelvic APD, of those 5 had an obstructive MAG3 and renal function >10%, requiring reoperation. Of the 112 patients in whom the pelvic APD did not increase, only one patient needed reoperation due to obstruction in the MAG3, showing the same pre and postoperative pelvic APD. The sensitivity (S) of the US was 83.33% and the specificity (E) was 94.07%. Conclusion: A decrease of the renal pelvic APD between US before and after surgery appears to be enough to exclude those patients who will not to develop a recurrence of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). In the rest of the patients, it would be necessary study the urinary drainage using MAG3, avoiding its inherent drawbacks in all patients undergoing pyeloplasty (AU)

Introducción: El renograma diurético (MAG3) continúa siendo la prueba principal para determinar la mejoradel drenaje urinario tras la pieloplastia. Trabajos recientessugieren que ciertos parámetros de la ecografía pueden indicar un adecuado drenaje urinario en el seguimiento. Nuestro objetivo es determinar si la medición del diámetro antero posterior (DAP) de la pelvis renal por ecografía trasla pieloplastia puede ser un método de cribado válido paraseleccionar a aquellos pacientes que requieren además unMAG3.Material y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes intervenidos mediante pieloplastiaentre los años 2010 y 2019. En todos se realizó ecografíay MAG3 pre y postoperatorio recogiendo diferentes datos.La muestra se dividió en dos grupos en relación al aumentoo no aumento del DAP de la pelvis en la ecografía postoperatoria. Los resultados de la ecografía y MAG3 de ambosgrupos se compararon en relación a la presencia o ausenciade obstrucción y la necesidad de reintervención. A su vezse calcularon la sensibilidad y especificidad de la ecografíaen relación al aumento del DAP de la pelvis.Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 124 pieloplastias, con una mediana de edad de 6 meses (RIQ 4–36); 12pacientes mostraron un aumento del DAP de la pelvis, delos cuales el MAG3 fue obstructivo y con función renal>10% en 5, siendo necesario reintervención. De los 112pacientes en los que el DAP de la pelvis no aumentó, soloun paciente necesitó reintervención al tener obstrucción enel MAG3, mostrando un DAP de la pelvis pre y postoperatorio con el mismo valor. La sensibilidad de la ecografíafue de 83.33% y la especificidad de 94.07%.Conclusión: Una disminución en el DAP de la pelvisrenal entre la ecografía pre y postquirúrgica parece suficiente para descartar aquellos pacientes que no van a desarrollar una reestenosis de la unión ureteropélvica... (AU)

Repercusión de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre la actividad quirúrgica de Urología Pediátrica: análisis de las complicaciones posquirúrgicas según la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surgical activity of Pediatric Urology: analysis of postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ha ocasionado una pandemia de repercusión mundial que obligó a tomar medidas sociopolíticas, como la declaración del estado de alarma en España. Paralelamente se llevó a cabo la reestructuración de las actividades e infraestructuras médico-quirúrgicas pediátricas, con la consecuente suspensión de la actividad quirúrgica no urgente de Urología Pediátrica. Analizamos la repercusión de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre la actividad quirúrgica en una sección de Urología Pediátrica, así como las complicaciones quirúrgicas, según la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se procedió a la revisión sistemática de los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y quirúrgicos, incluyendo las complicaciones y reingresos de todos los pacientes intervenidos en la sección de Urología Pediátrica desde la declaración del estado de alarma hasta el levantamiento del mismo. Para su estudio se procedió a la división en cinco bloques temporales acorde a las fases de desescalada. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 49 intervenciones quirúrgicas en 45 pacientes (ocho previos a la implantación de las fases de desescalada). La patología con prioridad alta fue la más frecuente en las primeras fases, siendo la estenosis de la unión pieloureteral (EPU) la más prevalente. Se registraron cuatro complicaciones (8,8%), ninguna de ellas de origen respiratorio. CONCLUSIONES: Las recomendaciones de la EAU para la reanudación de la actividad quirúrgica han permitido una correcta, segura y gradual transición al ritmo quirúrgico habitual en Urología Pediátrica. La clasificación de Clavien-Dindo es útil y válida para su aplicación en esta sección. No se han registrados complicaciones respiratorias que pudiesen ser atribuibles a la situación pandémica

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a pandemic of global impact that forced social-political measures to be taken, such as the declaration of the state of alarm in Spain. At the same time, the reorganization of the pediatric medical-surgical activities and infrastructures was carried out, with the consequent suspension of the non-urgent surgical activity of Pediatric Urology. We analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical activity in a Pediatric Urology division, as well as surgical complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of epidemiological, clinical and surgical data was carried out, including complications and readmissions of all patients operated on in the division of Pediatric Urology within the duration of the state of alarm. Five time periods have been created according to the de-escalation phases. RESULTS: Forty-nine surgical procedures were carried out on 45 patients (8 prior to the implementation of the de-escalation phases). High priority pathologies were the most frequent in the first phases, being the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction the most prevalent. Four complications were recorded (8.8%), none of them were respiratory. CONCLUSIONS: The EAU recommendations for the resumption of surgical activity have allowed a correct, safe and gradual transition to the routine surgical activity in Pediatric Urology. The Clavien-Dindo classification is useful and valid for application in this division. No respiratory complications have been reported that could be attributable to the pandemic situation

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surgical activity of Pediatric Urology: analysis of postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. / Repercusión de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre la actividad quirúrgica de Urología Pediátrica: análisis de las complicaciones posquirúrgicas según la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a pandemic of global impact that forced social-political measures to be taken, such as the declaration of the state of alarm in Spain. At the same time, the reorganization of the pediatric medical-surgical activities and infrastructures was carried out, with the consequent suspension of the non-urgent surgical activity of Pediatric Urology. We analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical activity in a Pediatric Urology division, as well as surgical complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of epidemiological, clinical and surgical data was carried out, including complications and readmissions of all patients operated on in the division of Pediatric Urology within the duration of the state of alarm. Five time periods have been created according to the de-escalation phases. RESULTS: Forty-nine surgical procedures were carried out on 45 patients (8 prior to the implementation of the de-escalation phases). High priority pathologies were the most frequent in the first phases, being the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction the most prevalent. Four complications were recorded (8.8%), none of them were respiratory. CONCLUSIONS: The EAU recommendations for the resumption of surgical activity have allowed a correct, safe and gradual transition to the routine surgical activity in Pediatric Urology. The Clavien-Dindo classification is useful and valid for application in this division. No respiratory complications have been reported that could be attributable to the pandemic situation.

Serial voiding urosonography in posterior urethral valve diagnosis and management in pediatric patients. / Urosonografía miccional seriada en el diagnóstico y manejo de las válvulas de uretra posterior en pacientes pediátricos.

OBJECTIVES: Report our experience with the use of contrast-enhanced serial voiding urosonography (SVU) for posterior urethral valve (PUV) patient diagnosis and management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive retrospective study in 0- to 14-year-old patients with suspected PUV at SVU performed as a first contrast-enhanced urinary tract test with subsequent cystoscopic study. Variables were analyzed using SPSSv22. RESULTS: 18 patients were studied (median age: 6 months). Most patients (15) presented posterior urethral dilatation (mean diameter: 9.56 mm) and a >2 mm gap between proximal and distal urethra. 13 cases had bladder thickening and 9 had VUR. 15 PUV cases, 1 case of distal urethral mucocele, and 1 case of bladder diverticulum obstructing the urethra were diagnosed. Complete PUV resection was performed in 10 patients (66.6%) at the first cystoscopy. The control SVU detected one case of recurrence due to persistence of posterior urethral dilatation. The recurrence case and the 5 incomplete resection cases were treated with a second cystoscopy and resection. The youngest patients required a third resection and cutting balloon dilatation due to residual stenosis. Mean creatinine levels at diagnosis were 0.28 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: Serial voiding urosonography (SVU) is a useful complementary test in pediatric patients with posterior urethral valve. Its dynamic nature and its advantages - absence of irradiation, safety, and high sensitivity - make it an ideal imaging test for PUV diagnosis and follow-up.

OBJETIVOS: Comunicar nuestra experiencia con la utilización de la urosonografía miccional seriada (UMS) para el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes con válvulas de uretra posterior (VUP). MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo en pacientes entre 0 a 14 años con sospecha de VUP en UMS realizada como primera prueba contrastada de la vía urinaria y con estudio cistoscópico posterior. Las variables se analizaron utilizando SPSSv22. RESULTADOS: Fueron estudiados 18 pacientes (edad mediana de 6 meses). La mayoría de los pacientes (15) presentaban dilatación de la uretra posterior (diámetro medio de 9,56 mm) y diferencia entre uretra proximal y distal mayor de 2 mm. Trece casos tenían engrosamiento vesical y 9 RVU. Se diagnosticaron 15 casos de VUP, 1 caso de mucocele de uretra distal y 1 divertículo vesical que obstruía uretra. Se consiguió resección completa de las VUP en 10 pacientes (66,6%) en la primera cistoscopia. La UMS de control detectó un caso de resección incompleta por persistencia de dilatación de uretra posterior. Este caso y los 5 conocidos con resección incompleta se sometieron a una segunda cistoscopia y resección. El menor de los pacientes requirió una tercera resección y dilatación con balón de corte por estenosis residual. La creatinina media al diagnóstico fue 0,28 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONES: La urosonografía miccional seriada (UMS) es una prueba complementaria útil en pacientes pediátricos con válvulas de uretra posterior. Su carácter dinámico y ventajas: ausencia de irradiación, seguridad y alta sensibilidad; la convierten en una prueba de imagen ideal para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de VUP.

Urosonografía miccional seriada en el diagnóstico y manejo de las válvulas de uretra posterior en pacientes pediátricos / Serial voiding urosonography in posterior urethral valve diagnosis and management in pediatric patients

Objetivos: Comunicar nuestra experiencia con la utilización de la urosonografía miccional seriada (UMS) para el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes con válvulas de uretra posterior (VUP). Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo en pacientes entre 0 a 14 años con sospecha de VUP en UMS realizada como primera prueba contrastada de la vía urinaria y con estudio cistoscópico posterior. Las variables se analizaron utilizando SPSSv22. Resultados: Fueron estudiados 18 pacientes (edad mediana de 6 meses). La mayoría de los pacientes (15) presentaban dilatación de la uretra posterior (diámetro medio de 9,56 mm) y diferencia entre uretra proximal y distal mayor de 2 mm. Trece casos tenían engrosamiento vesical y 9 RVU. Se diagnosticaron 15 casos de VUP, 1 caso de mucocele de uretra distal y 1 divertículo vesical que obstruía uretra. Se consiguió resección completa de las VUP en 10 pacientes (66,6%) en la primera cistoscopia. La UMS de control detectó un caso de resección incompleta por persistencia de dilatación de uretra posterior. Este caso y los 5 conocidos con resección incompleta se sometieron a una segunda cistoscopia y resección. El menor de los pacientes requirió una tercera resección y dilatación con balón de corte por estenosis residual. La creatinina media al diagnóstico fue 0,28 mg/dl. Conclusiones: La urosonografía miccional seriada (UMS) es una prueba complementaria útil en pacientes pediátricos con válvulas de uretra posterior. Su carácter dinámico y ventajas: ausencia de irradiación, seguridad y alta sensibilidad; la convierten en una prueba de imagen ideal para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de VUP

Objectives: Report our experience with the use of contrast-enhanced serial voiding urosonography (SVU) for posterior urethral valve (PUV) patient diagnosis and management. Materials and Methods: Descriptive retrospective study in 0- to 14-year-old patients with suspected PUV at SVU performed as a first contrast-enhanced urinary tract test with subsequent cystoscopic study. Variables were analyzed using SPSSv22. Results: 18 patients were studied (median age: 6 months). Most patients (15) presented posterior urethral dilatation (mean diameter: 9.56 mm) and a >2 mm gap between proximal and distal urethra. 13 cases had bladder thickening and 9 had VUR. 15 PUV cases, 1 case of distal urethral mucocele, and 1 case of bladder diverticulum obstructing the urethra were diagnosed. Complete PUV resection was performed in 10 patients (66.6%) at the first cystoscopy. The control SVU detected one case of recurrence due to persistence of posterior urethral dilatation. The recurrence case and the 5 incomplete resection cases were treated with a second cystoscopy and resection. The youngest patients required a third resection and cutting balloon dilatation due to residual stenosis. Mean creatinine levels at diagnosis were 0.28 mg/dl. Conclusions: Serial voiding urosonography (SVU) is a useful complementary test in pediatric patients with posterior urethral valve. Its dynamic nature and its advantages - absence of irradiation, safety, and high sens efitivity - make it an ideal imaging test for PUV diagnosis and follow-up

Consideraciones técnicas en el tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral tras reimplante tipo Cohen / Technical challenges of endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux after Cohen reimplantation

Introducción: El abanico de indicaciones del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) se abre cada vez más hasta incluir la corrección del reflujo secundario tras cirugía de reimplante ureteral. No obstante, este escenario supone un reto técnico debido a los cambios posquirúrgicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento endoscópico del RVU en unidades ureterales con reimplante tipo Cohen, con especial interés en las particularidades técnicas del procedimiento. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo de casos de RVU secundario tras cirugía de reimplante tratados mediante inyección subureteral. Técnica: Se coloca la aguja perpendicular al trayecto submucoso y se inyecta medial al orificio, formándose un habón en la cara anterior que ocluya el meato. Resultados: En el periodo comprendido entre 1993 y 2016 se realizaron 21 inyecciones sobre 15 unidades ureterales. La afección ureteral incluía el RVU primario (4), sistema dúplex con RVU al pielón inferior (4), megauréter (3) y ureterocele (2). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 5,7 años (rango: 2-12 años). El éxito se logró en 10 unidades ureterales (66,67%), disminución del grado de RVU en 4 (26,67%) y persistencia/no resolución en un caso (6,67%). Discusión: El mecanismo antirreflujo del reimplante depende de optimizar el trayecto submucoso. Este subgrupo de pacientes es pequeño y los estudios son escasos lo que dificulta el acuerdo sobre la técnica más adecuada. Conclusión: El tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo secundario tras cirugía de reimplante transtrigonal es un procedimiento con cierta particularidad técnica, pero seguro y eficaz que ofrece una alternativa previa a la reintervención quirúrgica

Introduction: The range of indications for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux opens more and more until including correction of secondary reflux (VUR) after ureteral reimplantation. However these cases suppose a technical challenge due to postoperative changes. The aim of this work is to present our experience on endoscopic treatment for VUR in ureteral units with Cohen reimplantation surgery, with special interest in the technical peculiarities of the procedure. Material and methods: A retrospective study of cases of secondary VUR after reimplantation surgery treated by subureteral injection. Technique: We put the needle perpendicular to submucous tunnel and inject medially to hole forming a wheal on the anterior face that occludes the meatus. Results: During the 1993-2016 period 21 injections were performed in 15 ureteral units. The ureteral pathology included primary VUR (4), duplex system with lower pole reflux (4), megaureter (3) and ureterocele (2). Average patient age was 5.7 years old (2-12). Succesful outcome had been got in 10 ureteral units (66.67%), a decrease of VUR grade in 4 (26.67%) and perseverance/no resolution of grade IV VUR in 1 (6.67%). Discussion: The anti-reflux mechanism of reimplantation depends on optimizing the submucosous tunnel. This subgroup of pacients is small and there are few studies, hindering the agreement on the most appropiate technique. Conclusion: Endoscopic treatment of secondary reflux after reimplantation surgery is a procedure with certain technical feature, but safe and effective offering an alternative prior to surgical reoperation

Technical challenges of endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux after Cohen reimplantation. / Consideraciones técnicas en el tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral tras reimplante tipo Cohen.

INTRODUCTION: The range of indications for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux opens more and more until including correction of secondary reflux (VUR) after ureteral reimplantation. However these cases suppose a technical challenge due to postoperative changes. The aim of this work is to present our experience on endoscopic treatment for VUR in ureteral units with Cohen reimplantation surgery, with special interest in the technical peculiarities of the procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of cases of secondary VUR after reimplantation surgery treated by subureteral injection. TECHNIQUE: We put the needle perpendicular to submucous tunnel and inject medially to hole forming a wheal on the anterior face that occludes the meatus RESULTS: During the 1993-2016 period 21 injections were performed in 15 ureteral units. The ureteral pathology included primary VUR (4), duplex system with lower pole reflux (4), megaureter (3) and ureterocele (2). Average patient age was 5.7 years old (2-12). Succesful outcome had been got in 10 ureteral units (66.67%), a decrease of VUR grade in 4 (26.67%) and perseverance/no resolution of grade IV VUR in 1 (6.67%) DISCUSSION: The anti-reflux mechanism of reimplantation depends on optimizing the submucosous tunnel. This subgroup of pacients is small and there are few studies, hindering the agreement on the most appropiate technique. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment of secondary reflux after reimplantation surgery is a procedure with certain technical feature, but safe and effective offering an alternative prior to surgical reoperation.

Pólipos fibroepiteliales como causa de hidronefrosis / Fibroepithelial polyps as a cause of hydronephrosis

Introducción: Los pólipos ureterales constituyen una causa poco frecuente de hidronefrosis en los niños. Presentamos un caso tratado en nuestro centro y realizamos una revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico: Varón de 5 años derivado a nuestra consulta por presentar episodios de dolor cólico en el flanco izquierdo. La ecografía mostró una hidronefrosis izquierda de grado II/IV, y el renograma con MAG-3 una curva de eliminación en la pelvis renal de tipo IIIb. Debido a la persistencia de la sintomatología, se decidió instaurar tratamiento quirúrgico, durante el cual se constató la presencia de pólipos fibroepiteliales en la pelvis renal que justificaban la sintomatología. Conclusión: El tratamiento de los pólipos ureterales en los niños presenta altas tasas de éxito; sin embargo, la inespecificidad de su presentación clínica, así como la dificultad de interpretación de las pruebas diagnósticas, pueden conllevar un importante retraso en el diagnóstico que afecte a la función renal

Introduction: Ureteral polyps are a strange cause of hydronephrosis in children. We report a case of a child treated in our hospital, and review of the related literature. Clinical case: A 5-year-old boy presented with severe, colicky, left lumbar pain. Renal ultrasound showed grade II/IV hydronephrosis, and the 99 m-Tc MAG-3 scan showed an obstructive drainage curve type IIIb. As the symptoms persisted, we decided surgical treatment, finding pyelic fibroepithelial polyps as the cause of the pain. Conclusion: Fibroepithelial polyp treatment in children is highly effective; nevertheless, the interpretation of diagnostic tests can be difficult, delaying the diagnosis and causing affectation of renal function

Factores implicados en el fracaso tardío del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral / Factors involved in the late failure of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux

Introducción: Los resultados del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) a corto plazo son excelentes. No obstante, con el paso de los años se ha identificado un número de pacientes en quienes el RVU que fue resuelto mediante esta técnica vuelve a aparecer. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores relacionados con este evento. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio analítico retrospectivo tipo caso-control incluyendo 395 unidades ureterales con RVU primario tratadas con éxito en nuestro centro, con seguimiento mínimo de 3 años. Se han identificado los casos en los que el RVU reapareció y se han analizado variables demográficas, variables relativas al RVU (grado, lateralidad, estudio inicial) y a la intervención (material utilizado). Resultados: Se identificaron 77 unidades ureterales con recidiva de las 395 incluidas (19,5%). La incidencia de recidiva fue del 29,7% en los pacientes tratados con dextranómero/ácido hialurónico (Dx/HA), del 20,2% en los tratados con polidimetilxilosano (MP) y del 12,2% en el caso de politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE). La aparición de recidiva se eleva hasta el 35% en el caso de pacientes tratados antes del año de edad y aquellos con RVU de gradoV. La clínica de disfunción miccional también eleva la incidencia de recidiva al 34,9%. Conclusión: El uso del material reabsorbible Dx/HA está relacionado con la recidiva del tratamiento endoscópico del RVU. Los reflujos de alto grado, junto con el tratamiento en edades precoces, así como la presencia de disfunción miccional, también son factores asociados a la recurrencia

Introduction: The short-term results of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are excellent. Over time, however, a number of patients have been identified for whom VUR reappeared after being resolved with this technique. The aim of this study was to analyse the factors related to this event. Material and methods: A retrospective, analytical, case-control study included 395 ureteral units with primary VUR treated successfully at our centre, with a minimum follow-up of 3 years. We identified cases in which VUR reappeared and analysed the demographic variables, those related to VUR (grade, laterality, initial study) and those related to the operation (materials used). Results: We identified 77 ureteral units with recurrence in the 395 included uni:ts (19.5%). The recurrence rate was 29.7% for the patients treated with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA), 20.2% for those treated with polydimethylsiloxane (MP) and 12.2% for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The onset of recurrence rose to 35% for patients treated before 1 year of age and those with gradeV VUR. Urinary dysfunction symptoms also increased the recurrence rate to 34.9%. Conclusion: The use of resorbable dextranomer/hyaluronic acid material was related to recurrence in the endoscopic treatment of VUR. The high-grade reflux and treatment at an early age, as well as the presence of urinary dysfunction, are also factors associated with recurrence

Factors involved in the late failure of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. / Factores implicados en el fracaso tardío del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral.

INTRODUCTION: The short-term results of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are excellent. Over time, however, a number of patients have been identified for whom VUR reappeared after being resolved with this technique. The aim of this study was to analyse the factors related to this event. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, analytical, case-control study included 395 ureteral units with primary VUR treated successfully at our centre, with a minimum follow-up of 3 years. We identified cases in which VUR reappeared and analysed the demographic variables, those related to VUR (grade, laterality, initial study) and those related to the operation (materials used). RESULTS: We identified 77 ureteral units with recurrence in the 395 included units (19.5%). The recurrence rate was 29.7% for the patients treated with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA), 20.2% for those treated with polydimethylsiloxane (MP) and 12.2% for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The onset of recurrence rose to 35% for patients treated before 1 year of age and those with gradeV VUR. Urinary dysfunction symptoms also increased the recurrence rate to 34.9%. CONCLUSION: The use of resorbable dextranomer/hyaluronic acid material was related to recurrence in the endoscopic treatment of VUR. The high-grade reflux and treatment at an early age, as well as the presence of urinary dysfunction, are also factors associated with recurrence.

Abordaje de la litiasis en tracto urinario en niños / Therapeutic approach in stones urinary tract in children

Objetivos. La litiasis del aparato urinario en la infancia es una entidad poco frecuente con una tasa de incidencia en España de 1/4.500 niños admitidos en un hospital y una tasa de expulsión espontánea entre 34-47%, precisando el resto de tratamiento activo La formación de litiasis urinaria en edad pediátrica presenta un alto riesgo de recurrencias, por lo que es necesario un diagnóstico y tratamiento protocolizado Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de las litiasis en el tracto urinario en niños. Material y métodos. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de todos los pacientes ≤16 años ingresados en nuestro centro con diagnóstico de litiasis en tracto urinario desde el año 2000 al año 2013, mencionándoselos datos de tratamiento, tasa libre de cálculo y complicaciones. Resultados. Un total de 69 pacientes fueron tratados del 2000 al 2013. La edad media de nuestros pacientes fue de 8,2 años (rango 1-18 años). La clínica de presentación más frecuentes fue dolor (52%). En el 100% de los casos el diagnóstico se obtuvo mediante ecografía. Respecto a la localización, 21 cálculos se localizaron en vejiga (V), 12 en uréter distal (UD), 8 en uréter medio (UM), 3 en uréter proximal (UP) y 13 en pelvis renal (P). El tamaño medio fue de 13 mm. En 21 pacientes se mantuvo tratamiento conservador (fluidoterapia, analgesia y tratamiento profiláctico antibiótico), en 14 se realizó litotricia extracorpórea y en 22 se realizó ureteroscopia con extracción (n=9) o fragmentación (n=13) del cálculo. No se produjeron complicaciones de interés. La tasa de éxito (tasa libre de cálculos) fue del 79% (n=55). Conclusiones. La litiasis en el tracto urinario infantil es una patología poco frecuente, con características especiales respecto al diagnóstico y tratamiento que requiere atención en centros especializados. El tratamiento óptimo dependerá principalmente de la edad del paciente, de la localización y tamaño del cálculo, así como de la experiencia del equipo

Purpose. Kidney stone disease in children is a rare pathology, with a low incidence in Spain (1/4,500 hospitalized children). The spontaneous expulsion rate is about 34-47% which means that more of 50% of children need active treatment. Paediatric patients forming urinary stones have a high risk of recurrence, therefore, a standard diagnosis and treatment are needed. We present our experience in urolithiasis treatment in children. Materials and methods. We reviewed retrospectively all the patients ≤16 years hospitalized in our hospital with urolithiasis diagnosis from 2000 to 2013, citing treatment modality, stone-free rates and complications. Results. A total of 69 patients with a mean age of 8,2 years (range1-16 years) were treated in our hospital during that period. The main clinical presentation was pain (52%). The diagnosis was made by abdominal ultrasounds in all cases. About localization, 21 lithiasis were found in distal urether (UD), 8 in medium urether (UM), 3 in proximal urether (UP) and 13 in renal pelvis (PR). The mean size was 13 mm.21 (30%) patients had a spontaneous expulsion of the stone, 14 (20%) patients were treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and in 22 (32%) patients the elected therapy was ureterosopic stone fragmentation (n=13) or removal (n=9). No complications were observed. The overall stone-free rate was 79% (n=55). Conclusions. Kidney stone disease in children is a rare pathology, with its own features about diagnosis and treatment, which requires medical care in a specialized center. The optimal treatment should be considered regarding the age of the patient, localization and size of the stone, as well as the team experience

[Therapeutic approach in urinary tract stones in children]. / Abordaje de la litiasis en tracto urinario en niños.

PURPOSE: Kidney stone disease in children is a rare pathology, with a low incidence in Spain (1/4,500 hospitalized children). The spontaneous expulsion rate is about 34-47% which means that more of 50% of children need active treatment. Paediatric patients forming urinary stones have a high risk of recurrence, therefore, a standard diagnosis and treatment are needed. We present our experience in urolithiasis treatment in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively all the patients ≤ 16 years hospitalized in our hospital with urolithiasis diagnosis from 2000 to 2013, citing treatment modality, stone-free rates and complications. RESULTS: A total of 69 patients with a mean age of 8,2 years (range 1-16 years) were treated in our hospital during that period. The main clinical presentation was pain (52%). The diagnosis was made by abdominal ultrasounds in all cases. About localization, 21 lithiasis were found in distal urether (UD), 8 in medium urether (UM), 3 in proximal urether (UP) and 13 in renal pelvis (PR). The mean size was 13 mm. 21 (30%) patients had a spontaneous expulsion of the stone, 14 (20%) patients were treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and in 22 (32%) patients the elected therapy was ureterosopic stone fragmentation (n = 13) or removal (n = 9). No complications were observed. The overall stone-free rate was 79% (n = 55). CONCLUSIONS: Kidney stone disease in children is a rare pathology, with its own features about diagnosis and treatment, which requires medical care in a specialized center. The optimal treatment should be considered regarding the age of the patient, localization and size of the stone, as well as the team experience.

[Laparoscopic pyeloplasty in pediatric patients: our experience]. / Pieloplastia laparoscópica en la edad pediátrica. Nuestra experiencia.

The aim of this essay is to present our initial experience with laparoscopic pyeloplasty and highlight how some specific technical changes allowed us to improve our results. We performed a chart review of the patients that underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty in our institution. We included patients older than 6 months old with proved stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction. We compared our first patients with the last ones in which we performed laterocolic approach in all left pyeloplasties and included a modification of the technique to place an external ureteric stent. We performed 13 laparoscopic pyeloplasties, 8 male patients and 5 female. There were 3 right pyeloplasties (23%) and 10 left ones (77%). We performed transmesocolic approach in 2 cases (left) and laterocolic approach in 11. Mean surgical time was 184 minutes in the first 8 cases and 142 in the 5 last ones. We had three cases of complications in the first group, two stents migrated to ureter and one postsurgical infection. In the last cases we had a postoperative bleeding. Laparoscopic approach is an effective option for pyeloplasty with similar results to those of the open approach in spite of a longer surgical time. Experience and specific surgical details allow us to reduce complication rate and surgical time.

Uroterapia en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria / The role of urotherapy in the management of urinary incontinence

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar nuestros resultados del abordaje de la incontinencia diurna refractaria al tratamiento médico mediante uroterapia. Para ello, se han revisado retrospectivamente las historias de los niños sometidos a este tipo de tratamiento en nuestro centro. Los criterios de inclusión fueron niños con incontinencia diurna refractarios al tratamiento farmacológico, incontinencia de la risa, vejiga hipoactiva y niños en los que se detectó en la cistomanometría una hiperactividad del detrusor y/o incoordinación vesicoesfinteriana. Doce pacientes completaron el seguimiento, con una media de edad de 8,5 años. La indicación más frecuente fue la incontinencia con hiperactividad del detrusor (58,33%). Los resultados fueron satisfactorios en el 83,3% de los casos, con desaparición de los síntomas en 8 pacientes sin tratamiento médico asociado, y 2 más con tratamiento asociado para la eneuresis nocturna. Sólo dos pacientes no presentaron mejoría. La uroterapia es una parte importante del abordaje de la disfunción del tracto urinario inferior en la edad pediátrica. Cabe destacar la importancia de la correcta selección de pacientes y la aplicación adecuada de las diferentes intervenciones, entre las que el biofeedback con imágenes animadas desempeña un papel fundamental(AU)

The aim of this essay is to present our initial results in applying urotherapy to patients with urinary incontinence not responding to pharmacological treatment. We performed ach art review of all the patients treated with urotherapy in our institution. We included all children with incontinence refractory to pharmacological treatment, giggle incontinence, underactive bladder, overactive bladder and dysfunctional voiding. 12 patients completed follow up. Mean age was 8.5 years. The most frequent finding in cystomanometry was detrusor over activity (58.33%). We achieved full response in 83.3% of our patients, 8 of them without any pharmacological treatment, and another 2 with associated administration of desmopressin. Only two patients did not respond to therapy. Urotherapy is an important part of management of lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. Careful selection of the patients and adequate use of every intervention are crucial for its effectiveness(AU)

Plantamientos actuales sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del reflujo vésico-ureteral en la infancia / Current proposals on the diagnosis and treatment of vesiureteral reflux in childhood

El reflujo vésico ureteral (RVU) sigue planteando grandes dilemas, principalmente en el diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. Actualmente hay tres dilemas clínicos importantes: ¿Quién se beneficia del diagnóstico?, ¿quién tiene riesgo de sufrir daño renal si no se trata el RVU? Y ¿quién se beneficia del tratamiento? Lo principal tras un cuadro de ITU no debe ser visualizar si hay RVU si no comprobar si existe daño renal, y si lo hay descartar el RVU. Otro que su presencia obligará a tratarla antes de decidir sobre el RVU. De los tratamiento actuales, expectante, profilaxis antibiótica y cirugía (abierta, endoscópica, laparoscopia y robótica) se ha comprobado que no hay ninguno superior a otro y la elección dependerá de las características de cada paciente, teniendo en cuenta la opinión familiar previa información de cada uno de ellos. Lo que sabemos es que si se quiere resolver el RVU de forma rápida y disminuir la presencia de ITU asociadas, el tratamiento quirúrgico es la primera opción, y dentro de este endoscópico es el más indicado, pero sin olvidarnos que deberemos analizar a cada paciente individualmente (AU)

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) remains a major dilemma, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment. Currently there are three important clinical dilemmas: Who benefits the diagnosis? Who is at risk for kidney damage if left untreated VUR? And who benefits from treatment? The main thing behind a box should not be viewed ITU if VUR if not check for kidney damage, and if there is rule out VUR. Another important factor is the association of bladder dysfunction and that their presence will force before deciding to treat VUR. Current treatments, expectant, antibiotic prophylaxis and surgery (open, endoscopic, laparoscopic and robotic) has shown that there is none superior to another and the choice will depend on the characteristics of each patient, taking into account the opinion information from previous family each. What we know is that if you want VUR resolved quickly and reduce the presence of UTI associated with surgical treatment, the first option, the endoscope, is the most appropriate but without forgetting that we have to analyze each patient individually (AU)

Pieloplastia laparoscópica en la edad pediátrica. Nuestra experiencia / Laparoscopic pyeloplasty in pediatric patients: our experience

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la serie de pacientes intervenidos mediante este abordaje y cómo pequeñas variaciones en la técnica nos han permitido mejorar los resultados. Para ello se han revisado retrospectivamente las historias de los pacientes sometidos apieloplastia laparoscópica. Los criterios de inclusión fueron pacientes con estenosis de la unión piloureteral (EPU) de más de 6 meses de edad. Se han diferenciado los primeros 8 casos realizados y se han comparado con los 5 últimos tras la introducción de modificaciones técnicas en cuanto al abordaje transmesocólico versus laterocólico en las pieloplastias izquierdas y la colocación de catéter doble J exteriorizado en las últimas. Se han intervenido un total de 13 pacientes, 8 niños y 5 niñas. La estenosis pieloureteral fue derecha en 3 casos (23%) e izquierda en10 (77%). El abordaje fue transmesocólico en 2 casos y laterocólico en11. El tiempo quirúrgico medio fue de 164 minutos en las 8 primeras y 142 en las 5 últimas. En la evolución se presentaron complicaciones en 3 casos de los 8 iniciales, dos migraciones del catéter doble J y una infección. En las 5 últimas se dio un caso de sangrado. El abordaje laparoscópico es una opción efectiva con buenos resultados iniciales equiparables a los de la cirugía abierta a pesar de un mayor tiempo quirúrgico. La aplicación de este abordaje y la experiencia permiten la mejora en detalles del procedimiento que disminuyen la tasa de complicaciones y el tiempo quirúrgico(AU)

The aim of this essay is to present our initial experience with laparoscopicpyeloplasty and highlight how some specific technical changes allowed us to improve our results. We performed a chart review of the patients that underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty in our institution. We included patients older than 6 months old with proved stenosis of theureteropelvic junction. We compared our fi rst patients with the last ones in which we performed laterocolic approach in all left pyeloplasties and included a modification of the technique to place an external uretericstent. We performed 13 laparoscopic pyeloplasties, 8 male patients and 5female. There were 3 right pyeloplasties (23%) and 10 left ones (77%).We performed transmesocolic approach in 2 cases (left) and laterocolic approach in 11. Mean surgical time was 184 minutes in the fi rst 8 cases and 142 in the 5 last ones. We had three cases of complications in the first group, two stents migrated to ureter and one postsurgical infection. In the last cases we had a postoperative bleeding. Laparoscopic approach is an effective option for pyeloplasty with similar results to those of the open approach in spite of a longer surgical time. Experience and specific surgical details allow us to reduce complication rate and surgical time (AU)

[Should horseshoe kidneys with associated urological abnormalities be controlled?]. / ¿Deben controlarse los riñones en herradura con anomalías urológicas asociadas?

INTRODUCTION: Horseshoe kidney (HK) is the most common renal fusion anomaly. Urological anomalies (UA) occurs in 52% of HK. The objective of this paper is to know if it's necessary to follow up for a long time the asymptomatic cases of HK with UA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively 39 cases of children in whom HK was diagnosed in our hospital during 1990 to 2007. The following features have been taken into account: sex, age at diagnosis, associated anomalies, treatment, postoperative complications, results and time of follow-up. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 3 years. 18 patients (46.1%) had associated urological anomalies: 9 hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux 6 and 3 kidney duplication. 10 cases of them (55%) were surgically treated: 6 pyeloplasty, 2 endoscopic reflux, one upper pole heminephrectomy and one ureteroneocystostomy. 3 hydronephrosis and 3 vesicoureteral reflux were managed conservatively. The ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UJO) was caused by a crossing lower-pole vessel in four cases (67%) and two by a high ureteral insertion. Three of this cases of obstruction (50%) were adquired over the time (along 5-7 years from diagnosis of hydronephrosis). There were no complications and the mean time of follow up has been 3.6 years (range: 2-6 years). CONCLUSIONS: We think that all HK associated with UA should be controlled, as above 50% are subsidiaries of surgical correction. The hydronephrosis can be obstructive over the time and it could be necessary to check them for a long time.

¿Deben controlarse los riñones en herradura con anomalías urológicas asociadas? / Should horseshoe kidneys with associated urological abnormalities be controlled?

Introducción. El riñón en herradura (RH) constituye la anomalía más frecuente dentro del grupo de las anomalías de fusión renal, con una incidencia variable según las series del 13 al 24%. Un 52% presentan anomalías urológicas asociadas. El objetivo de la comunicación es mostrar cuándo deben ser tratadas. Material y métodos. Hemos estudiado retrospectivamente los casos clínicos de 39 niños diagnosticados de RH y controlados en nuestro hospital en el período de 1990-2007. En cada caso hemos analizado los siguientes parámetros: sexo, edad al diagnóstico, tipo de anomalía asociada, tratamiento, complicaciones postoperatorias, resultados y tiempo de seguimiento. Resultados. Hubo un claro predominio de los niños con 32 (..) (AU)

Introduction. Horseshoe kidney (HK) is the most common renal fusion anomaly. Urological anomalies (UA) occurs in 52% of HK. The objective of this paper is to know if it’s necessary to follow up for a longtime the asymptomatic cases of HK with UA. Material and methods We reviewed retrospectively 39 cases of children in whom HK was diagnosed in our hospital during 1990 to 2007. The following features have been taken into account: sex, age at diagnosis, associated anomalies, treatment, postoperative complications, results and time of (..) (AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico del nefroma mesoblástico congénito / Surgical treatment of congenital mesoblastic nephroma

Introducción. Los tumores renales son raros en niños menores de 6 meses, siendo el nefroma mesoblástico congénito el más frecuente en este grupo de edad. Presentamos 4 casos tratados en nuestro hospital en los últimos años. Material y métodos. Analizamos la edad, sexo, forma de presentación así como el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los 4 casos, revisando la literatura. Resultados. La edad de presentación osciló entre 0-6 meses. En nuestra serie el sexo que predominó fue el femenino. La clínica ha sido de masa abdominal en todos los casos, asociando hipertensión arterial en 2 de ellos. La ecografía ha sido el método de sospecha diagnóstica, en 2 de ellos deforma prenatal. El diagnóstico se completó con resonancia magnética. El tratamiento fue quirúrgico realizándose cirugía abierta en 3 casos y cirugía laparoscópica en el restante. La evolución ha sido favorable. Conclusión. La baja frecuencia de este tumor limita la experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. El tratamiento estándar es la nefrectomía radical con márgenes libres. La terapia coadyuvante en enfermedad recurrente puede ser considerada aunque existen pocos estudios. La cirugía laparoscópica comienza a constituir una alternativa al tratamiento clásico de estos tumores, ya que permite la extirpación con buenos márgenes de seguridad (AU)

Background. Renal tumors are rare in infants less than 6 months of age, being congenital mesoblastic nephroma the most frecuent in this age group. We reported 4 cases treated in our hospital in the last years. Methods. We analyze age, sex, the clinical presentation as well as diagnosis and treatment. Results. Range of age at diagnosis was 0-6 months. In our study the predominant sex was female. Clinical presentation was abdominal mass in all of cases with hypertension (HTA) in two of them. Scan ultrasound has been the method of dignostic, that was completed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The tretament was open surgery in three cases and laparoscopic on the last. All patients are alive with no evidence of disease. Conclusions. Low frecuency of this tumor limit the experience ondiagnostic and treatment. Standard treatment is nephroureterectomy radical with free margins. Adjuvant therapy should be considered in recurrent disease although exists few studies. Laparoscopic surgery should be an alternative to clasical treatment since permits excision with good security margins (AU)

[Which laparoscopic technique is the best to descend intra-abdominal testes?]. / Qué técnica laparoscópica es la ideal para descender los testes intraabdominales?

INTRODUCTION: It's reported that the laparoscopic orchiopexy without vessel transection at one stage (LO1S) is the recommended technique for the testis located near to the internal ring (IR) and orchiopexy in two stages according to Fowler Stephens (2SFSO) for the testicles located far away to the IR .The dilemma arises in those testicles situated on the border between the two procedures. We reported our experience in the management of this disease and analyze our results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2007, we have operated to 61 patients and 74 intra-abdominal testes by laparoscopy. The techniques used were the LOIS and the Fowler Stephens orquidopexy with a first stage laparoscopic and a second one inguinal. Differents features have been taken into account retrospectively. RESULTS: Of the 74 testes operated, 16 (21.6%) were located less than 1 cm from IR (group I), 43 (58.2%) between 1 and 2 cm from IR (Group II) and 15 (20, 2%) more than 2 cm from IR. Group I: In all cases were treated with LOIS procedure. We obtained good results in 13 testes (81.2%). Two testes (12.6%) grew less than the other side and one testicle (6.2%) rose to the inguinal canal and it needed new orchiopexy. Group II: In 31 cases (72.1%) was performed a 2SFSO and in 12 (27.9%) a LOIS. Of the 31 testes intervened by 2SFSO in 22 (71.5%) was obtained good results, 6 cases (19.5%) atrophied, 2 tests (6%) grew less than the other side and one testicle rose to upper scrotum (3%) Of the 12 testes in whom the LOIS were performed in 6 (50%) achieved good results, three rose to upper scrotum (25%), one testicle (8.3%) rose to inguinal canal (8.3%) and two cases grew less than the other side (16.7%). Group III: In the 15 tests were treated with 2SFSO procedure. 10 testicles (66%) had a good result. 3 (20%) decreased in size and 2 (14%) orchiectomy was performed by severe atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: The LOIS offers good results for testis located near to the IR. The most frequent complication of this technique is the ascend of the testes and the most one in the 2SFSO is the testicle atrophy. The surgeon's experience will play an important role in the final decision on the technique ideal in the intra-abdominal testis situated on the border between the two procedures.